A number of law students apply for an optional internship (less than 10% end up in such a position), which must be completed after law school and before practicing law. Internships typically last one year in appellate courts, but dispute courts (including federal district courts) are increasingly moving towards two-year internships. In 2004, the Japanese Parliament passed a law allowing the establishment of law schools (法科大学院, hōka daigakuin) offering a J.D. or Hōmu Hakushi (法務博士). The 2006 bar exam was the first in Japan`s history to require a law school degree as a prerequisite. In the past, most of those who passed the exam had earned bachelor`s degrees from “elite” universities such as the University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, or Hitotsubashi University, even though there were no educational requirements. With this new law school system came a new bar exam with a transition rate of 40-50%, which is limited by a numerical quota. Candidates are now limited to taking the exam three times per five-year period. Despite the much higher bar pass rate with the new exam, about half of Japanese law graduates are never admitted to practice because of quotas. The new system also reduced the apprenticeship period at the Institute for Legal Research and Training to one year. [8] After graduation, candidates pass the first state examination. [11] In the first state examination, 30% of the examination focuses on a special area of law chosen by the candidate, which is organized and conducted by the university. [11] In practice, the most important part is the 70% of mandatory areas of law reviewed by the Judicial Review Office, a state administration of justice body.
[11] The failure rate for the 1st state exam can be up to 30%. [11] The written part concerns the analysis of legal issues. [11] As a Commonwealth country, Malaysia`s legal education system is rooted in the UK. Legal qualifications offered by local law schools require students to have a pre-university degree such as Malaysian Graduate Certificate, A-Level, International Baccalaureate, Core Course or Diploma. In general, law degree programs in Malaysia consist of civil law subjects, but there are institutions such as the National University of Malaysia, the International Islamic University of Malaysia and the Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin that include courses in Sharia or Islamic law as a prerequisite for admission and graduation. [13] [14] [15] In Korea, there are a number of other legal professions, such as patent attorneys (변리사), tax lawyers (세무사), lawyers (법무사), etc., each of which is regulated by a separate examination. Legal education in Korea is determined by examinations. The legal profession is highly regulated and the bar exam pass rate is approximately five per cent. Aspiring lawyers who pass the exam usually take it two or three times before taking it, and there are a number of specialized “private educational institutes” for aspiring lawyers.
After passing the bar examination, prospective lawyers attend a two-year training course at the Judicial Research and Training Institute of the Supreme Court of Korea. During this period, the most competent trainees are “selected” to become professional judges; Others may become prosecutors or private practitioners. Historically, there have been no legal degrees in Germany and are not necessary for the practice of law. [11] However, those who wish to practise the legal profession must continue to study at universities for which the normal duration of the program is 4 1/2 years. [11] Some law schools have also begun to award the diploma of Diplom-Juriste. German students enter law school after graduating from high school. In some countries, legal education providers offer courses that lead to a certificate or accreditation in applied legal practice or a specific specialization. Primary school law degrees are offered by law schools, known as law schools in some countries. Law schools may have varying degrees of autonomy within a particular university or be completely independent of other post-secondary institutions in some countries. Law in Italy and France is studied in a law school, which is a unit within a major university. Legal training can be started immediately after graduation. The Italian and French law faculties are linked to public universities and therefore to public institutions.
As a result, law schools are obliged to admit everyone with the bachelor`s degree. However, the failure rate in the first two years of the “licenza in diritto” is extremely high (up to 70%). There are no major differences in the quality of law schools in southern Europe. Many schools focus on their respective city and region. To become a lawyer in Serbia, students must graduate from an accredited law school. The study of the first level lasts four years (eight semesters), after which it is possible to enroll in master`s and doctoral programs. To become a student at the Faculty of Law, a candidate must pass the admission test. Practical training for students is organized in local and international courts and moot court competitions. A lawyer must pass the national bar examination to become a lawyer, judge or prosecutor. To pass the bar exam, it is sufficient to complete the 4-year study program and have some work experience (e.g.
as a paralegal), but most lawyers have also obtained the Master of Laws before passing the bar exam. Practitioners can complete a Master of Laws through coursework to gain greater specialization in an area in which they practice. In many common law countries, a graduate degree in law is common and is expected for lawyers. In addition, the integration of practical skills is beneficial for practitioners pursuing higher education to better prepare them in their respective fields of law. [5] Legal education programs (also known as continuing professional development) are informal seminars or short courses that offer legal practitioners the opportunity to update their knowledge and skills throughout their legal career. In some jurisdictions, it is mandatory to take a certain legal training course each year. Although not formally required for professional practice, continuing education takes place, for example: in the field of taxation, usually through postgraduate degrees or focused study-based LL.M. programs.
[31] Research degrees are LL.M. and LL.D. or Ph.D. depending on the university. The Master`s thesis reflects the ability to conduct independent research, while the doctoral thesis also represents an original contribution to the relevant field of law. [32] Legal positions usually require a doctorate. See Master of Laws § South Africa; Doctor of Law § South Africa. In India, law can be studied as LL.B. (Bachelor of Laws) or B.L.
